A Complete Report On Parallel Universe
1.
Title:
Parallel Universe
2.
Objective:
To explain concept of parallel universe by quantum physics
3.
Abstract:
Parallel universe is the theory which states that our
universe is not the only universe, but there exists many universes parallel to
each other. And this concept is proposed by MWT theory which is based on idea
that there is a possibility that all possible events, no matters how silly or
fantastic, might occur.
4.
Background:
The parallel universe is a whole universe just like
ours but there can be no interaction between us as the term parallel suggests
never meet. It is basically a part of universe which is defined as if there
exists everything. The universe we live in may not be the only one out there.
Our universe is only a small part of an infinite number of universes around us
making a multiverse concept. There are many physicists who tried to explain the
concept of multiverse three of the theories are given below.
4.1.Infinite
Universe:
This
theory suggests that there are infinite universes around us .If we look far
enough then it means you would encounter infinite versions of you i.e. space
time goes on forever and starts repeating at some time.
4.2.Bubble
Universe:
The theory proposed by Tuft University cosmologist
Alexander Vilenkin suggests if infinite space time extension creates infinite
universes then other universes could be created from the theory of eternal
inflation.This means universe expanded rapidly after Big Bang in result
inflating like a balloon. In this case some part is inflating, some stops
inflating thus giving rise to many isolated bubbles.
5.
Parallel Universe:
Basically the idea of parallel universes arises from
string theory proposed by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok. According to this
theory if you are trying to explain something to somebody in this universe then
there might be somebody else in another universe trying to explain the same thing
to somebody else.
5.1.Concepts
of Parallel Universe:
According to MIT cosmologist Max Tegmark, there are
four levels of parallel universes:
1. An
infinite universe that according to the laws of probability must contain
another copy of earth somewhere
2. Other
distant regions of space with different physical parameters but follows same
basic laws.
3.
Other universes where each possibility
that can exist does exist described by the many worlds interpretation of
quantum physics
4.
Entirely distinct universes that may not
even be connected to occur in any meaningful way and very likely have entirely
different fundamental laws.
6.
Description:
To
the average person, quantum mechanics is the convoluted, science fiction branch
of physics. A radical new theory plays into that, proposing that parallel
universes exist and interact with each other-and that scientists may be able to
test for them. However, we don’t see these universes because our cosmic vision
is limited by the speed of light. Light started travelling at moment of Big
Bang, 14 billion light years (since space is expanding).This volume of space is
Hubble volume and represents an observable universe.
6.1.Many
World Theory
In
1957, a young Princeton University doctoral candidate named Hugh Everett came up with a radical idea that there exist
parallel universes, exactly like our universe. These universes are all related
to our indeed, they branch off from ours, and our universe is branched off of
others. Within these universes, our wars have had different outcomes that the
ones we know. Species that are extinct in our universe have evolved and adopted
in others. In other universes, we humans may have become extinct.
According to Griffith, main points of many world theory are,
·
The universe we
live in just one of an unknown “gigantic” number of worlds, some of which are
almost identical to ours, but most are “very different”.
·
All the worlds
are equally real, existing continuously through time with precisely defined
properties.
Dr Michael Hall from Griffith's Centre for
Quantum Dynamics says the 'Many-Interacting Worlds' theory may even create the
extraordinary possibility of testing for the existence of other worlds
According to many world theory, when quark measurement is processed, there are two possibilities, the weapon can either fire or not, at this moment, the theory claims that, the universe splits into two different universes account for two different endings. The weapon will discharge in one reality, but not discharge in other.
7.
Parallel Universes do exist:
There
are two possible theories that presents the reasons to believe that parallel
universes do exist.
§ Eternal Inflation
§ Ekpyrotic Theory
7.1.Eternal Inflation
Eternal
inflation is an inflationary universe model, which is itself an outgrowth or
extension of Big Bang theory. In theories of eternal inflation, the inflation
phase of the universe’s expansion lasts forever in at least some regions of the
universe. The findings of eternal inflation mean that when inflation starts, it
produces not just one universe, but an infinite number of universes.
7.2.Ekpyrotic Theory
According
to this theory, if the universe is that region that results when two branes
collide, then the branes could actually collide in multiple locations. For
Example, Sheet flapping on a bed, will touch it at different points. If the
sheet were a brane, then each point of collision would create its own universe with
its own initial conditions.
8.
Quantum Perspective:
Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that
describes the rules that governs the universe on the microscopic scale. It
tries to explain how subatomic particles can behave both as particles and as
waves. It also offers an explanation about why particles appear to exist in
multiple positions at the same time.
This
fuzzy clump of possible positions is described by a wave
function, an equation that predicts
that many possible spots a given particle can occupy. Though, we talk of universe
splitting, this isn’t precisely true. From math view, there is only one wave
function and it evolves over time. The superposition of different universes all
co-exist simultaneously in same infinite dimensional Hilbert space. These
separate co-existing universes interfere with each other yielding quantum
behaviour.
Parallel
universes is strangest place of all because it would follow different
mathematical laws of nature than our universe. In short, any universe that
physicists can get to work out on paper would exist, based on the mathematical
democracy principle that
Any universe that is
mathematically possible has equal possibility of actually existing.
8.1.From
where the concept of wave function arises??????
Is it possible for an electron to be at two places at
once, or for a cat to be both alive and dead at same time?
According to quantum
mechanics, both scenarios are possible and the heart of this concept lies in wave
function: The mathematical formula used to describe quantum objects.
8.2.Electron
at two places at once
To see how the wave
function works, let us consider an electron shooting out of a cathode ray tube.
Now the wave function for this electron is just the description of where the
electron is. The wave function is an irregular number, the complex number such
as an imaginary number. The wave function gives you the prediction of where
would electron be in the future. It’s a statement about probability nothing
else.
If you consider two
electrons with the exact same wave function and look to see where they are you
might find that one is at one place (let say A) and the other at another (say
B), and once you observed an electron to taking it at point B and not at
another point (A). The wave function immediately changes. The physicists say that
it collapses. Broad range of possibilities to one specific answer. The
active measure the electron is what gives it is its position. And this brings
us back to the cat that is both alive and dead at the same time.
9.
Schrodinger’s Cat Paradox:
The
quantum mechanical Schrodinger’s cat paradox according to the many-worlds
interpretation is:
Every
event is a branch point, the cat is both alive and dead, even before the box is
opened, but the “alive” and “dead” cats are in different branches of the
universe, both of which are equally real, but which do not interact with each
other.
As it usually told that a
cat and a vial poison are sealed into a box. Then a quantum event happens with
the probability of 50% that breaks or does not break the vial of poison and
kills or does not kill the cat So is the cat still breathing? The wave function
reflects both possibilities.
In the standard
interpretation of quantum mechanics, both possibilities are real. The cat is
truly both alive and dead until an observer opens up the box. At this point,
the kitty collapses into an either alive or dead state.
This is absurd. Cats
can’t be both alive and dead at the same time. So how do we get out of this
paradox?
One of the two ways:
Either the wave function doesn’t really exist, it’s just reflection of our
knowledge. Or the cats are both alive and dead but in two Parallel Universes.
Before directly going to
main topic that is parallel universes, take into notice some important terms:
10. Collapse Approach:
It states that the
measurement of a quantum system invokes a collapse of the quantum wave
function, from a super positional state into a state that can be described
classically. It suggests that instantaneous action at a distance should simply
be accepted in quantum mechanics, as it was with British physicist Issac
Newton’s theory of gravitation. Einstein did not like the collapse approach
because it suggests that instantaneous action at a distance occurs when the
wave function collapses. Einstein along with Boris and Rosen presented what
became known as the ERP paper, in 1935 which states that quantum mechanics is incomplete.
There must be hidden variables which explain why there is no need for
instantaneous travel, which Einstein referred as “spooky actions at a
distance”.
10.1.
Problems with Collapse Approach
There are a number of
problems with the collapse approach:
·
Firstly, it does not adequately define what
constitutes a measurement, and therefore it does not adequately define when the
collapse of the wave function occurs.
·
Secondly, there are no collapse dynamics within
quantum theory itself, and so they need to be added by hand.
·
Thirdly, the collapse approach cannot explain
how the quantum world can make contact with the classical world at all, since
both systems obey different physical laws.
The
third problem is known as the measurement problem.
10.2.
The Bohm Approach
In 1952, American
physicist David Bohm suggested that there is no need for instantaneous action
at a distance because the collapse approach is incorrect, and there is no
collapse of the wave function.
10.3.
The Everett’s Many World’s Approach
In 1957, American
Physicist Hugh Everett III suggested that Bohm is right, there is no
collapse of the wave function, but he interpreted this very differently,
devising the many worlds or Everett approach. Any material theory of
mind will have to explain why people have subjective experiences. This may be a
problem that we will never be able to solve. However, there may already be a
theory that explains the subjective nature of consciousness. This is known as
the Everett, or many worlds, approach to quantum mechanics.
Collapse approach to
quantum mechanics cannot apply their theory to the universe as a whole because
an external observer would be required in order to collapse its super
positional state. The Everett approach does not face this problem, and so it
can describe the entire universe using Schrodinger’s wave equation. This super
positional universe is known as the multiverse.
The Everett approach does
not face the problem of explaining the appearance of instantaneous action at
distance, which is apparent in the collapse approach to quantum mechanics. This
is because there is no need to send information between one entangled quantum
system and another.
Although Everett only
mentioned the word “branches” in his 1957 paper, the realism associated with
them soon led to the term Parallel Worlds being used instead. Dewitt
was the first to do so when he popularized Everett’s approach in 1970 and by
1977, Everett was defending his theory in these terms.
10.4.
The preferred Basis Problem
The Everett, or many
worlds approach to quantum mechanics solves the measurement problem by stating
that
Macroscopic objects also obey the laws of quantum
mechanics,
But it then faces a
similar problem known as the preferred basis problem. The preferred basis
problem asks why the universe is split into the separate worlds, we experience,
if it is really part of a multiverse. I am leaving this question answered
waiting for another one to solve this problem. However, a clue to this is
Decoherence Theory.
11.
Islam and Parallel Universes:
God also swears that someday we will travel to one of those extra
dimensions.
I swear by the afterglow of sunset... You will ride one layer from another layer. [Quran 84.16-18]
According to the Quran, we cannot see nor collide with Jinn but they
have weight:
The Jinn have weight means that we can detect their gravity and they
can detect our gravity. So according to the Quran we cannot see the Jinn nor
collide with them but we can detect their gravity.
Just as the Jinn is of different type that we cannot see nor collide with but
we can detect their gravity, there are six other Heavens that we cannot see nor
collide with either but we can detect their gravity, superimposed above the
visible one:
So [Allah] decreed them as seven heavens
(one above the other) in two days and revealed to each heaven its orders. And
We [Allah] adorned the lowest heaven with lights, and protection. Such is the
decree of the Exalted; the Knowledgeable. [Quran 41.12]
According to the Quran, only the lowest heaven has visible light.
This means that this Dark Matter exists in the six Heavens superimposed above
the lowest one. Also according to the Quran, each of these remaining six
Heavens is of a different type and each has its own planets like Earth
12.
Conclusion:
Many scientists believe that parallel exists but many scientists not. In many view MWT is a pseudo-science. You don’t have any way to prove or disprove this hypothesis. It is an irrefutable. That is, we should have some way to prove or disprove it.But according to Islamic point of view, parallel universe exists.
13.
References:
·
http://www.universetoday.com/113900/parallel-universes-and-the-many-worlds-theory/
·
http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2015/06/parallel-universes-are-they-revealed-at-the-quantum-level.html
·
https://www.rt.com/usa/202255-many-interacting-worlds-quantum-mechanics/
